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Introduction: The association between e-cigarette use and chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has not been studied thoroughly, particularly in populations
defined by concomitant combustible smoking status.
Methods: Using pooled 2016 and 2017 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,
investigators studied 705,159 participants with complete self-reported information on e-cigarette use,
combustible cigarette use, key covariates, and chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Current e-cigarette use was the main exposure, with current use further classified
as daily or occasional use. The main outcome was defined as reported ever having a diagnosis of
chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For all the analyses, multi-
variable adjusted logistic regression was used, with the study population stratified by combustible ciga-
rette use status (never, former, or current). All the analyses were conducted in 2019.
Results: Of 705,159 participants, 25,175 (3.6%) were current e-cigarette users, 64,792 (9.2%) current
combustible cigarette smokers, 207,905 (29.5%) former combustible cigarette smokers, 432,462
(61.3%) never combustible cigarette smokers, and 14,036 (2.0%) dual users of e-cigarettes and combus-
tible cigarettes. A total of 53,702 (7.6%) participants self-reported chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Among never combustible cigarette smokers, current e-ciga-
rette use was associated with 75% higher odds of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstruc-
tive pulmonary disease compared with never e-cigarette users (OR=1.75, 95% CI=1.25, 2.45), with
daily users of e-cigarettes having the highest odds (OR=2.64, 95% CI=1.43, 4.89). Similar associations
between e-cigarette use and chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
were noted among both former and current combustible cigarette smokers.
Conclusions: The results suggest possible e-cigarette−related pulmonary toxicity across all thecategories of combustible cigarette smoking status, including those who had never smoked combus-
tible cigarettes.
E-cigarettes deliver an aerosol of nicotine by heating a liquid and are promoted as an alternative to combustible tobacco. This study determines the longitudinal associations between e-cigarette use and respiratory disease controlling for combustible tobacco use.
METHODS:
This was a longitudinal analysis of the adult Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Waves 1, 2, and 3. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the associations between e-cigarette use and respiratory disease, controlling for combustible tobacco smoking, demographic, and clinical variables. Data were collected in 2013-2016 and analyzed in 2018-2019.
RESULTS:
Among people who did not report respiratory disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or asthma) at Wave 1, the longitudinal analysis revealed statistically significant associations between former e-cigarette use (AOR=1.31, 95% CI=1.07, 1.60) and current e-cigarette use (AOR=1.29, 95% CI=1.03, 1.61) at Wave 1 and having incident respiratory disease at Waves 2 or 3, controlling for combustible tobacco smoking, demographic, and clinical variables. Current combustible tobacco smoking (AOR=2.56, 95% CI=1.92, 3.41) was also significantly associated with having respiratory disease at Waves 2 or 3. Odds of developing respiratory disease for a current dual user (e-cigarette and all combustible tobacco) were 3.30 compared with a never smoker who never used e-cigarettes. Analysis controlling for cigarette smoking alone yielded similar results.
CONCLUSIONS:
Use of e-cigarettes is an independent risk factor for respiratory disease in addition to combustible tobacco smoking. Dual use, the most common use pattern, is riskier than using either product alone.
Whether HMG-CoA-reductase inhibition, the main mechanism of statins, plays a role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, is not entirely known so far. Consequently, this study was set out to investigate the relationship of different kinds and dosages of statins with osteoporosis, hypothesising that the inhibition of the synthesis of cholesterol could influence sex-hormones and therefore the diagnosis of osteoporosis.
METHODS:
Medical claims data of all Austrians from 2006 to 2007 was used to identify all patients treated with statins to compute their daily defined dose averages of six different types of statins. We applied multiple logistic regression to analyse the dose-dependent risks of being diagnosed with osteoporosis for each statin individually.
RESULTS:
In the general study population, statin treatment was associated with an overrepresentation of diagnosed osteoporosis compared with controls (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 3.55 to 3.69, p<0.01). There was a highly non-trivial dependence of statin dosage with the ORs of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis was underrepresented in low-dose statin treatment (0-10 mg per day), including lovastatin (OR: 0.39, CI 0.18 to 0.84, p<0.05), pravastatin (OR: 0.68, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.89, p<0.01), simvastatin (OR: 0.70, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.86, p<0.01) and rosuvastatin (OR: 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.87, p<0.01). However, the exceeding of the 40 mg threshold for simvastatin (OR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.07, p<0.01), and the exceeding of a 20 mg threshold for atorvastatin (OR: 1.78, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.23, p<0.01) and for rosuvastatin (OR: 2.04, 95% CI 1.31 to 3.18, p<0.01) was related to an overrepresentation of osteoporosis.
CONCLUSION:
Our results show that the diagnosis of osteoporosis in statin-treated patients is dose-dependent. Thus, osteoporosis is underrepresented in low-dose and overrepresented in high-dose statin treatment, demonstrating the importance of future studies' taking dose-dependency into account when investigating the relationship between statins and osteoporosis.
