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Importance: Approximately 1.5 million adults in the US use supplemental oxygen annually in the outpatient setting. However, many do not receive delivery systems that adequately meet their needs, and few receive education about devices or how to maintain independence. This Review summarizes guidelines and evidence on outpatient supplemental oxygen across several cardiopulmonary conditions, highlights evidence gaps where benefits are unclear, and discusses outcomes that inform a person-centered framework for supplemental oxygen therapy.
Observations: Most studies of supplemental oxygen have been conducted in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with limited high-quality data in other cardiopulmonary conditions. Data strongly support supplemental oxygen therapy in people with severe resting desaturation (oxygen saturation [SpO2] of 88% or less), with demonstrated improvement in mortality. Whether supplemental oxygen improves symptoms or function in patients with isolated severe exertional desaturation remains inconclusive, prompting an individualized approach and exertional oxygen testing if a patient is mobile and reporting exertional symptoms. Apart from cor pulmonale, evidence does not support supplemental oxygen therapy in patients with moderate resting or exertional desaturation (SpO2 of 89% to 93%). Supplemental oxygen's broad impact on patient-centered outcomes; the supplemental oxygen landscape of devices, testing, prescription, and delivery; and how to weigh the potential harms vs benefits with patients are summarized. These data inform a person-centered supplemental oxygen framework to help patients minimize loss of independence and improve quality of life across the following domains: (1) health care values and preferences; (2) functional status, mobility, and frailty; (3) cognition and supplemental oxygen education; (4) physical symptoms; (5) psychological and social impact; and (6) caregiver support. Guidance on deimplementation and future directions are also summarized.
Conclusions and relevance: Supplemental oxygen therapy should follow a person-centered approach that empowers patients and caregivers; helps patients improve independence and quality of life by optimizing function, mobility, and social well-being; weighs benefits and burdens; and engages in shared decision-making when the evidence is unclear.
Cleaning with a household cleaner that contains soap or detergent reduces the amount of germs on surfaces and decreases risk of infection from surfaces. In most situations, cleaning alone removes most virus particles on surfaces. Disinfection to reduce transmission of COVID-19 at home is likely not needed unless someone in your home is sick or if someone who is positive for COVID-19 has been in your home within the last 24 hours.
