Well water

In the US, 23 million households rely on private wells for their drinking water, yet these wells are unregulated and unmonitored, and thus vulnerable to contamination. These exposures may lead to significant health consequences, including both acute manifestations and chronic disease. Primary care physicians often serve as the first point of contact for screening for environmental exposures and for patients with concerns about water safety. This article equips family physicians with practical guidance on the reasons and methods of testing private wells for microbiologic and chemical contaminants such as “bacteria, nitrates, arsenic, and lead”. Patient testing and relevant matrices are also reviewed. Recommendations are provided for when and how to test, interpretation of laboratory results, and how to counsel patients on mitigation strategies. Focus is placed on rural and disadvantaged communities commonly affected by contaminated well water. By integrating well water safety into routine preventive care, clinicians can play a crucial role in protecting patients from waterborne illnesses and exposures.