Importance: Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea are common in childhood and associated with significant comorbidity. Surgical treatment with adenotonsillectomy is first-line treatment but medical treatments show potential to improve symptoms and reduce the need for surgery.
Objective: To...
Importance: Chronic diarrhea is defined as loose or watery stools lasting longer than 4 weeks and affects approximately 6% to 7% of adults in the US. More than 90% of patients with chronic diarrhea have a noninfectious etiology.
Observations: The most common causes of chronic,...
The risk of recurrent ischemic stroke can be reduced by managing modifiable risk factors and instituting a regimen of mechanism-specific secondary stroke prevention. Strategies for secondary prevention should be instituted as early as possible. Poststroke monitoring of risk metrics, lifestyle...
Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is a common, nonscarring hair-loss disorder. Prevalence of FPHL increases with age; 12% of females will have symptoms by age 29 years, 25% by age 50 years, and 41% to 50% at age 70 years and older. Risk factors include genetics and endocrinological diseases (e.g...
Importance IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a chronic kidney disease involving deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes in the glomerulus, causing glomerular inflammation and scarring. It is the most common immune-mediated glomerular disease worldwide, and affects an estimated 198 887 to 208 184...
Importance Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related movement disorder that affects approximately 3% of US adults to a clinically significant extent and can cause substantial sleep disturbance.
Observations Restless legs syndrome is characterized by an overwhelming urge to move...
Importance: Accurate assessment of intravascular volume facilitates management decisions about fluid management in patients with volume overload.
Objective: To identify the most accurate clinical examination, radiographic, and laboratory findings for assessing volume overload in...
Vulvar cancer is an underrecognized gynecologic malignant disease. The incidence of vulvar cancer is 2.3 per 100 000 people in Canada, and is increasing with the rising prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV). More than 90% of vulvar cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), mostly diagnosed...
In the US, 23 million households rely on private wells for their drinking water, yet these wells are unregulated and unmonitored, and thus vulnerable to contamination. These exposures may lead to significant health consequences, including both acute manifestations and chronic disease. Primary...
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by Bordetella pertussis, a fastidious gram-negative coccobacillus that is a human pathogen without known animal or environmental reservoirs. There are 8 additional known Bordetella species, 3 of which can cause...
